Biomass Energy in Turkey  
Turkey's Cotton Area by Region 
Rice production in Turkey 
Cotton & Rice Statistics of Turkey

Biomass Energy in Turkey:

The total land cultivated covers an area of 27 million ha and 20 million ha are covered by forests and woodland, which shows the potential for biomass use in Turkey. The annual production of cereals in the range of 20 million tons and olive production reaches about 1 million ton. The total area of woodlands, which amounts approximately to 20 million hectares has a rate of useful and renewable product per hectare of about 1.5 cu.m. There is an estimated forestation capacity of nearly 5 million hectares for energy generation purposes.

Animal wastes, which constitute very rich input from agricultural viewpoint provide nearly 4 percent of the total energy consumption. Therefore, the main policy of Turkey is focused on multi-purpose utilization of agricultural wastes.

Overall potential of biomass for energy use exceeds 17 Mtoe, which is about 27% of the actual total energy consumption in Turkey.

Comprising mostly wood and dung for heating and cooking, it is mainly used in rural areas. The energy forecasts produced by Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (MENR) indicate that the total biomass energy used should remain relatively constant about 7-8 Mtoe. Stabilization of traditional biomass use through the greater penetration of commercial fuels should:

• make an important contribution to mitigating the deforestation problem in Turkey

• underpin the importance of forest resources as a carbon sink helping to reduce CO2 emissions from energy generation

Although some scope may exist for developing energy plantations, experience elsewhere indicates that close attention must be paid to issues of sustainability; management, cost and the contribution to Turkey’s long-term energy requirements would be modest. Nevertheless, taking biomass potential in aggregate, it appears that Turkey could increase its renewables usage significantly in addition to the current extensive exploitation of hydropower resources using larger hydropower plants.

Although there are no exact statistical data, the production and consumption of animal and plant waste has been reduced from 11 million tons to 6.6 million tons over the last ten years. According to 1997 data, 25.5% of local energy production and 9.8% of total primal energy consumption has been provided through wood and waste.

In Turkey, energy forestry and energy agriculture are matters, which need rapid development. 15% of the available area for energy forestry is being used while 85% is still on hold. Energy agriculture, on the other hand, is a field not yet tried.

The Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources has planned to increase the production of biomass energy, which uses up animal and plant waste, to 7530 Btep by 2020. Modern biomass energy production, however, has not been foreseen at all. In fact, classical biomass energy production with no commercial value should be decreased and modern biomass energy production should start and be increased. It would be appropriate for classical biomass energy production to follow a reducing trend by 5734 Btep in 2010 and 3980 Btep in 2020. Modern biomass production should start and reach 1652 Btep in 2010 and be 3515 Btep by 2020.

On the other hand, there have been initiatives to build waste power plants in Turkey. These initiatives are continuing under the BOT model. Among them, a contract has been signed for Adana Waste Plant with a power of 45 MW and 302 million KWh/year net energy production. A contract for Mamak Waste Gas Plant, which has 10 MW power and a capacity of 76.8 million KWh/year will be made soon. Bursa Waste Gas Plant with a capacity of 1.4 MW is in the position of auto-producer. Izmit Waste Gas Plant with a total capacity of 7.2 MW also serves as auto-producer. Mersin Waste Plant with 18.8 MW power and Tarsus Waste Plant with 12.5 MW power are in application process. Apart from these, the 7th 5 Year Development Plan Executive Commission has decided that waste plants should be established in Istanbul (125 MW), Ankara (40 MW) and Izmir (30 MW). Antalya, Diyarbakır, Eskişehir, Konya and Sakarya should also be added among cities where waste plants will be built.

The main problem concerning waste plants are the emissions given to the air while burning. Necessary controls should be taken over by the Ministry of Environment for these emissions to be under standards foreseen by the European Union and no facility should be given license, which has no EIA.

Besides, Turkish company "Selcuk Gida" is planning to apply to the Ministry of Energy to get permission to produce energy from oil cake. This kind of energy production would be the first in Turkey. Sel Energy A.S. will produce energy from oil cake material, which is an environmentally safe waste product made from olive oil. The power plant will be established in Aydin's Germencik district and will cost about 20 million USD.

The Chemical Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University has worked on transesterification of vegetable oils (sulphur olive oil, used sunflower oil, rapeseed oil) since 1984. Work on vegetable oil methyl esters and liquid fuels originated some biomass resources (straw-stalk of rape plant and rapeseed cake).

Launched are two other projects concerning biofuels production:

1. Anaerobic treatment of vegetation water and composting olive pomace.

2. Thermal degradation of pretreated lignocellulosic waste for biofuel production

Trends in renewable energy supply and use 

 

	Unit	1990	1992	1995	1996	2000	1990-1996	1196-2000
							(%)1	(%)1
Renewable TPES (exl.hydro)	ktoe	7311	7328	7255	7285	7769	-0.1%	1.6%
Percentage of TPES	%	13.9	13.3	11.7	11.1	8.5
Geothermal	ktoe	85	90	138	162	685	11.4%	43.4%
Solar, Wind, Wave, Tide	ktoe	21	32	52	80	121	25.0%	10.9%
Biomass and Wastes2	ktoe	7205	7206	7065	7043	6963	-0.4%	-0.3%
- Biomass	ktoe	7205	7206	7065	7043	n.a.	-0.4%	n.a.
- Wastes	ktoe	0	0	0	0	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Renewable Electricitiy Generation (excl hdro)	GWh	80	117	308	260	n.a.	21.7%	n.a.
Percentage of Total Generation	%	0.1	0.2	0.4	0.3	n.a.
Geothermal	GWh	80	70	86	84	90	0.8%	1.7%
Solar, Wind, Wave, Tide	GWh	0	0	0	0	0	n.a.	n.a.
Biomass and Wastes2	GWh	0	47	222	176	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
- Biomass	GWh	0	47	222	176	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
- Wastes	GWh	0	0	0	0	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Renewable TFC (excl.hydro)	ktoe	7242	7238	6904	7011	7692	-0.5%	2.3%
Percentage of TFC	%	18.0	17.1	14.5	14.1	10.9
Geothermal	ktoe	16	30	64	90	608	33.3%	61.2%
Solar, Wind, Wave, Tide	ktoe	21	32	52	80	121	25.0%	10.9%
Biomass and Wastes2	ktoe	7205	7176	6788	6841	6963	-0.9%	0.4%
- Biomass	ktoe	7205	7176	6788	6841	6963	-0.9%	0.4%
- Wastes	ktoe	0	0	0	0	0	n.a.	n.a.
Hdro TPES	ktoe	1991	2285	3057	3481	3762	9.8%	2.0%
Hydro Electricity Generation	GWh	23148	26568	35541	40475	43750	9.8%	2.0%
Percent of Total Generation	%	40.2	39.5	41.2	42.7	32.6

Notes :

1. Annual Growth Rate
2. Including Animal Products and Gases from Biomass

Installed Electricity Generation Capacity in Turkey, 1987-99 (in thousands of MWe)

n/a - not applicable
Source: DOE/EIA

Electricity Generation and Consumption in Turkey, 1987-99 (in billion kWhr)

n/a - not applicable
generation components may not add to total due to rounding
Source: DOE/EIA

Installed Electricity Generation Capacity of Turkey (GW)

Source: MENR and TEAŞ

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The major rice growing are Edime, Samsun, Corum, Sinop, Diyarbakir and Balikesir

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Cotton & Rice Statistics of Turkey

Source: State Statistics Institute

South East Region:

Source:1999 Agricultural Structure and Production

Mediterranean Region:

Source:1999 Agricultural Structure and Production

Aegean Region:

Source:1999 Agricultural Structure and Production

Marmara Region:

Source:1999 Agricultural Structure and Production

Source:1999 Agricultural Structure and Production

COTTON INDUSTRY IN TURKEY

Almost 4 million people deal with cotton and get income about 30 billion dollars in each year.

Cotton production changes non-linearly during the last 10 years. Cotton is mainly planted three main regions in Turkey. Aegean, Cukurova and Southeastern Anatolia. Cotton planting areas, production and yield values of three regions is in the above table. It seems that the planting areas in Çukurova decreases. At the same time the planting areas increases in southeastern Anatolia by helping GAP (Southeastern Anatolia Project) that brings more irrigation.

It was estimated that in 1997/98 seasons cotton planted 722,303 ha productions 795,162 tones and mean yield 1101 kg/ha, the beginning stock 100,000 tones, consumption 1,050,000 tones, exporting 25,000 tones, and the remaining stock 120,162 tones. At the other hand it is estimated that in 1997/98 season, cotton planting 732,664 ha, production 832,889 tones and yield 1137 kg/ha.

The cotton enterprises located according to the regions :

%47 South East Region

%26 Aegean Region

%25 Mediterranean Region

% 2 Marmara Region

The rice enterprises located according to the regions :

%51 Marmara Region

%33 Black Sea Region

%9 Central Anatolia Region

%3 Mediterranean Region

%2 Aegean Region

%2 South East Region

Important Cotton Cooperative Unions:

Antbirlik Cotton & Citrus Agriculture Sales Cooperatives Union

Antbirlik is a Cotton and Citrus Agriculture Sales Cooperatives Union founded in 1952 by the combination of seven Cotton and Citrus Agriculture Sales Cooperatives in the towns of Antalya and Antalya itself. It is shortly called as Antbirlik. 23.000 cotton and citrus producers have shares in six cooperatives forming the union.

Unions of Agricultural Cooperatives for the Sales of Figs, Raisins, Cotton, Olive and Olive Oil

Taris, the first and the biggest Union of Agricultural Sales Cooperatives Turkey, consolidates the conscious of responsibility it bears and the superior service comprehension exceeding the borders of Turkey with the devotion to its principles and targets. Taris carries on its activities with Fig, Raisin, Cotton, Olive and Olive Oil Agricultural Sales Cooperatives in 65 locations in Aegean and Marmara Region and more than 127.900 producer members, it serves the whole country and the world through the assurance of " TS-EN-ISO-9002 Quality System Certificate".

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