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Report on Application of Biomass Residues in China
Introduction
Biomass residues resources and distribution
Energy Conversion Technology
Development of Different Types of Biomass Energy
Conversion Technology
Economic feasibility Analysis of Municipal Waste Power
Generation
Future Utilization and Proposals for Countermeasures
List of developers and manufactures on biomass utilization
Introduction
Biomass energy has been one of the earliest and most utilized energy in the history. It can be used directly. It is renewable, pollution-free and convenient in collection. Many countries, including China, have been working hard to convert it into other types of advanced energy through technology so as to alleviate and gradually reduce the reliance on such fossil fuels as oil and coal. China can produce 5 billion tons of biomass resources annually, including 900 million tons of stalk, animal manure, fuel wood and urban waste. 360 million tons of stalks are burnt directly, 120 million used as forage or industrial raw materials, and 120 million as fertilizers rotten in the field. However, direct burning may lead to low efficiency in energy consumption and even the danger of pollution if not burnt thoroughly. While if conversion technologies are adopted, clean fuel can be produced and biomass energy can be utilized efficiently.
Over China’s vast land, there are lots of agricultural residues. According to statistics, the straw and stalk output in China reached about 604 million tons. Calculated with a collection rate of 85%, the available amount of straw and stalk is 513.4 million tons, equal to 205 million tons of carbon equivalent (tce). Much of the 513.4 million tons of straw and stalk are presently used for cooking and heating in rural households. Other uses include forage, industrial raw material for paper production, and organic fertilizer. Presently, most of it is used at low efficiency. For example, in domestic cooking stoves the conversion efficiency is only 10% to 20%. The remainder of the straw is either dumped or burned in the field. With the rapid development of China’s rural economy, and with farmers’ increasing incomes, use of commercial energy for rural residential purposes is also rapidly increasing. A combination of increasing incomes and the availability of commercial energy sources, such as liquefied petroleum gas, coal, and even electricity, is rapidly reducing straw consumption. The straw and stalk once used in the traditional way will be displaced, increasing the share of straw and stalk left in field or burned directly. Already, the residual straw and stalk amounts in some regions are more than 60% of the production, which not only damages the environment, but also wastes resources.
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1. Biomass residues resources and distribution
Biomass energy resources in China include the residue from agriculture and forestry processing, covering solid residue, the concentrated organic waste water from the agriculture products processing, crop straw and stalk burned as fuel, fuelwood, and human and animal excreta, and urban residential refuse as well. Although China is in transition from a rural and agricultural society to an urban and industrial society, the rural population is still 80% of the total national population. Straw and stalks are widely distributed and available in all of the regions.
a) Main crop yields
Table 1 shows the output of rice and sugarcane fluctuated, while the output of wheat, oil crops, corn, tubers, and cotton.
Table1 Main crop production
(Unit : million tons)
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Rice |
Wheat |
Corn |
Soybean |
Tuber |
Oil crop |
Cotton |
Sugarcane |
|
185.2 |
102.2 |
112.0 |
17.9 |
32.6 |
22.5 |
4.8 |
65.4 |
b) Crop Residues
Table 2 shows the straw and stalk resource distribution in different regions of China.
Table 2 Straw and stalk resource distribution by region
(unit: million tons)
|
Total straw and stalk output |
Used as fertilizer & collection loss |
As forage |
As paper-making material |
As energy |
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East China |
184.8 |
27.7 |
42.1 |
4.3 |
110.6 |
|
South China |
147.5 |
22.1 |
56.3 |
7.2 |
61.9 |
|
Northeast China |
100.6 |
15.1 |
19.3 |
2.6 |
63.6 |
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North China |
86.8 |
13.0 |
13.6 |
3.1 |
57.0 |
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Southwest China |
82.7 |
12.4 |
41.6 |
2.1 |
26.6 |
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Northwest China |
45.6 |
6.8 |
4.9 |
1.7 |
26.5 |
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total |
648.0 |
97.1 |
177.8 |
21.0 |
346.2 |
Map of straw and stalk resource distribution
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2. Energy Conversion Technology
Biomass is the fourth largest energy resource after coal, oil, and natural gas, which plays a very important role in the energy system. Biomass has always been one of mankind’s most important energy resources. In light of its energy equivalent, it is the fourth largest energy resource after coal, oil, and natural gas. In the world's energy consumption, biomass takes up 14% of the total energy consumption, but in developing countries, it takes up more than 40%. Biomass energy in its broad meaning includes all energy which takes biomass as its carrier, and thus is renewable. It is estimated that the heat equivalent of the world's aquatic and terrestrial biomass is around 3 1021 joules, which is 10 times the world's present total energy consumption. Some experts predict that biomass energy will occupy a decisive position in the energy structure in future. Biomass produced through new processes will take the place of fuel mainly in the area of daily life, heat supply and electricity generation. There is an abundant biomass energy resource in our country. The energy resource in rural discards (e.g., stalks) comes to 308 million TCE every year. The resource of firewood is 130 million TCE. Together with excrement and city waste, the total energy resource may be more than 650 million TCE, which is nearly half of the total energy consumption of the whole country in 1995. With the coming of the 21st century, mankind is faced with the twofold pressure of developing economically and protecting the environment. Thus it is of great significance to change the method for the production and consumption of energy by way of using modern technology to exploit and use renewable energy resources, including biomass energy to establish a sustainable resource system, promote the development of the social economy, and improve the environment.
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3. Development of Different Types of Biomass Energy Conversion Technology
a) Types
The use of biomass energy can be roughly classified as the technology of direct burning, physical conversion technology, biological conversion technology, liquefaction technology, and conversion technology for solid waste (see table3). According to the purpose and goal of the project, the research will concentrate on table 3. Classification of biomass energy conversion technologies the following three conversion technologies: technology for large- and medium-scale biogas projects on animal farms; technology for thermolysis gasification of raw material such as stalks; and technology for the treatment of city solid waste.
Table 3 Types of Biomass Energy Conversion Technology
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Biomass energy conversion technologies |
Direct burning |
Burning in stoves |
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Burning in boilers |
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Briquetted before burning |
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Physical conversion |
Distillation and drying of wood |
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Thermolysis gasification |
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| Bioconversion technology |
anaerobic digestion industrial wastewater |
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Liquefaction technology |
vegetable oil |
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Production of ethanol |
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Solid waste disposal Technology |
incineration |
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Dumping |
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Landfill |
b) Development and background of biomass gasification conversion technology
Biomass gasification is a thermochemical process technique that can convert solid biomass materials to convenient, clean and combustible gas through pyrolytic reaction. After many years' research, a lot of experiences, both in theory and practice, have been accumulated, and many achievements gained. As for gasifiers, there are mainly three types: fixed-bed reactor (including up-draft and down-draft gasifier), fluidized-bed gasifier, and airflow (whirlwind) bed. Based on the research history, it suggests a positive trend in scale of gasifier. Reaction dielectrics include air, oxygen-hydrogen, air/steam, oxygen-hydrogen/steam, etc. Recently researches mainly concentrate on cycling fluidized-bed and high-pressure gasifier with catalyst. The former accounts for large-scale devices, while the latter deals with synthetic
The producer gas with high hydrogen content. Advanced technical level on the field has been mastered by many countries such as Sweden, the United States, Italy, and Germany. In recent years, the United States had a breakthrough in biomass pyrolysis gasification, and researched and manufactured a set of biomass comprehensive gasification devices - biomass gasification set with gas turbine generation system -so that it displayed a technical pattern for large-scale generation. The development of sterlin engine makes it possible to use soft woody biomass with low caloric value and high tar content as the heat source to drive the small generator. It is an attractive technical means to develop biomass, but still is not beneficial for commercial development. Biomass gasification devices aboard generally are large-scale, of high automation degree and complex technique, and concentrated on generation and thermal application. Their gasification efficiencies can reach 60-90%, and combustible gas has a caloric value of 17-25MJ/m3.
China began very early to research biomass pyrolysis gasification. During the 1950’ s energy shortage, it began to use gasifiers to drive vehicles, rural drainage, and irrigation machines. There had formed some approved products. A set of timber-distillation production line was imported from Poland. For wood chip-fueled gasification technology, it had been used to produce gas to drive automobiles as earlier as the 1940’ s. Now it has been developed to cycling fluidized-bed gasifier from layer-mode gasifier with an improvement of gasification intensity of over 10 times. In the 1960’s, the Institute of Forestry Chemical Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry Sciences completed a half-mechanized industrial device with an annual disposal capacity of 3,000 m3, using part-oxygenation method. In the early 1980’s, race husk-based gasification device was developed in China, using a down-draft fixed-bed gasifier. It formed, finally, a series of products with a variable volume from 60 kW to 160 kW, which were applied in the food industry or exported. Model ND-600 biomass gasifier, using wood shavings, wastes, and chips as feedstock and developed by the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences, had been disseminated to tens of timber process factories. The Dalian Academy of Environmental Sciences had carried out the research and test about distillation gasification. After the 1990’s, Chenglingji Food Garner in Hunan Province built a rice husk-fueled power generation station, which burns rice husks to drive steam turbine.
The research for crop stalk-based gasification technologies started later, from the mid-1980s. It aimed at building centralized gas-supply system for rural living. The Research Institute of Energy, Shandong Academy of Sciences developed a down-draft fixed-bed gasifier set. It can convert crop stalks to combustible gas with low caloric value. After cleaning the particulate and tar, the gas is delivered to rural households for cooking through centralized supply pipeline networks in a range of natural village. The feedstocks include the stalks of corn, sorghum, cotton, soybean etc. and woody wastes such as wood branch, wood chips, parings, bark, etc. The down-draft fixed-bed gasifier has a gasification temperature of over 1,000°C and a gasification efficiency up to 72-75%. The gas productions with a caloric value of 4,000-5,200 kJ/m3 of two models are respectively 200 m3/h and 500 m3/h. Now themodels have been demonstrated and applied in Shandong Province and rural areas in other northern provinces.
The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) has carried out many experiments on cycling fluidized-bed gasification and the equipment. The Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion developed a cycling fluidized-bed gasifier using tiny woody powder produced in the process of plywood as feedstock, and meanwhile did some research about the principle of gasification reaction. The equipment has consecutively operated for over 4 years in Zhanjiang plywood factories, and has been disseminated to Sanya of Hainan Province and the Wuyishan wood factory. The gasifier has a gasification intensity of over 2,000kg/m2/h, a tenfold improvement over the fixed-bed gasifier. The caloric value of gas is also improved by 40%. All these lay a good foundation for long-term and consecutive operation, and large-scale application of gasifier. Furthermore, there still carried out an lighth-Five-Year technical and scientific key task, namely research on biomass pyrolysis gasification technology and its development. It was undertaken by the Institute of Chemistry and Metallurgy, CAS, and the Institute of Energy and Power, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences. The research results show that for biomass pyrolysis gasification recycling fluidized-bed, its technical indices have reached the requirement. The mid-caloric value of gas is 10.9-12.9 MJ/Nm3 (2,600-3,080kCal/Nm3), gas production over 83 Nm3/h, gasification efficiency 62.8-65.3% and conversion ratio of carbon is over 74%. However, the research was just in the initial stage while not be pushed into industrialized stage because of shortage of research funds and some technical problems. Table 4 shows the situation about the application of biomass gasification technologies in China.
c) Some of the biomass energy equipments
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Product Name |
Model XFL Biomass Gasifier Set |
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Product Type |
Biomass Energy |
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Manufacture |
Research institute of Energy, Shandong Academy of Sciences |
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Description |
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Model XFL bioinass gasifier set, developed by the Research institute of Energy, Shandong Academy of Sciences, is a complete set of equipment which coverts such biomass as corn stalk, cotton stalk and wheat straw to combustible gas for cooking, drying, heating and electricity generation. The gasifier set is a patent product in China (patent No.902108433) with a gasification efficiency up to 76.1%. |
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Product Name |
Model ND-600 Biomass Gasifier |
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Product Type |
Biomass Energy |
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Manufacture |
Huairou Gasification Equipment Manufacturer |
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Description |
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Model ND-600 Biomass Gasifier was developed under the joint effort of Chiese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences and Huairou Gasification Equipment Manufacturer, which converts wastes from agriculture and forestry production to combustible gas through pyrolytic gasification at high temperature. The inner diameter of the gasification chamber is 600 mm, gas output 100 ~ 130 m3/h, 1100-1300 kcal/m3, gasification efficiency 75%,and heat output 12-15*104 kcal/h. The producer gas is applicable to material dryi |
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Product Name |
The Small-size Biomass Gasification Power Generator Set |
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Product Type |
Biomass Energy |
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Manufacture |
Guangzhou institute of Energy Conversion |
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Description |
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The small-size biomass gasification power generator set developed by Guangzhou institute of Energy Conversion, Academia Sinica, is a new type of power generating equipment modified on gasoline generator, which converts such biomass as wood chip, rice husk, nut shell and straw to combustible gas through thermochemical process. It is suitable for use in hilly and rural areas to meet the requirements for illumination, living and power. The generator set shown in the figure consists of stratified downdraft gasifier, gas cleaner and modified gasoline generator. It is movable . |
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Product Name |
Wooden Dust Gasifier Using Cycling Fluidized-bed |
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Product Type |
Biomass Energy |
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Manufacture |
Guangzhou institute of Energy Conversion |
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Description |
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The gasifier of woodern dust using a cycling fluidized-bed was developed by Guangzhou institute of Energy Conversion, Academia Sinica. The gasifier is a kind of equipment that applies rapid fluidization and thermal energy technology to convert the thin dust from biomass wastes into combustible gas. This kind of gasifier is suitable for timber processing plant, funiture manufacturers and sugar mill to process wooden dust, filings and bagasse dust. |
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Product Name |
A Biogas Pressure Meter Box |
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Product Type |
Biomass Energy |
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Manufacture |
Jiangxi Rural Energy and Environment Protection Development Company |
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Description |
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The low-pressure meter, developed by Jiangxi Rural Energy and Environment Protection Development Company, is a new type of micro-pressure-detecting meter indicating biogas pressure by machine structure transmission. It is accurate, small sized, cheap, easy to fix, and has been granted a Chinese patent, the patent No. being ZLP22234372. The determining rang of the meter is 010 kpa. The figure shows the box used to monitor biogas stoves and other low pressure gas stoves. |
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Product Name |
The Refrigerator With Biogas as Energy |
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Product Type |
Biomass Energy |
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Manufacture |
Beijing Solar Energy Research institute |
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Description |
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The absorbing-diffusing refrigerator, researched and produced by Beijing Solar Energy Research institute, utilizes NH3, Hz or He as actuating medium, warm siphon as power, and NH3 recycle freezing. It utilizes the heat energy produced by combustion of biogas as only power of refrigerator and produces the same refrigeration result as the compression type refrigerator with freon. The patent has been obtained in China for the invention of the refrigerator, the patent No. being 88220455.6. The biogas refrigerator costs the same as electric refrigerator, but its service life doubles or triples that of the latter. |
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Product Name |
Biogas Stoves for Civil Use |
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Product Type |
Biomass Energy |
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Manufacture |
Beijing Shunsheng Warming Equipment Manufacturer |
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Description |
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Here are several examples about biogas stoves for civil use: The biogas stove of Beijing-4 type, developed by Beijing Public Utility institute, can work under 30-800 Pa pressure. The main technical parameters are: heat load 2.skW, gas pressure 0.83kpa, heat efficiency 60%, and CO content in smoke less than 0.05%. The JZZ2-1 electronic ignition biogas stove . (fitting out with desulfurizer) is produced by Ningbo Yufeng Electronic Stove Plant. The main technical parameters are: gas pressure 1.57 kpa, heat load 2.8kW. The JZZI-2 and JZZ2-2 biogas stove with single and double fire respectively are produced by Emei Gas Apparatus Plant. The technical parameters are: under the rated pressure of 0.skpa and 1.6kpa, heat load 10.9 and 10 MJ/h respectively, heat efficiency more than 55%,and CO content in smoke less than 0.1%. |
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Product Name |
A Hight Efficient small-sized Biogas Generator |
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Product Type |
Biomass Energy |
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Manufacture |
Chengdu Biogas Scientific Research Institute,MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA |
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Description |
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The generator is developed by BRTC (China Chengdu Biogas Research & Training Center for Asia and the Pacific). Its main specifications are: volume biogas production rate 0.44 m3/m3.d, medium utilization rate 0.3m3/kg TS. It is equipped with a small pump for stirring and draining. 600m3 biogas and quality organic fertilizer could be produced each year. The industrial production of this generator has begun. The prefabricated components with reinforced concrete are produced in a factory, and assembled on site. as a result, the material is saved 10-15%, the cost decreased by 13%. Meanwhile, the quality is up to the standard, and the construction is relatively easy. The figures show the prefabricated components and the finished small-sized biogas generator assembled on site. |
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Product Name |
Solid-liquid Separator |
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Product Type |
Biomass Energy |
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Manufacture |
Chengdu Biogas Scientific Research Institute, MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA |
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Description |
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The separator developed by Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering Research and Planning is a new kind of equipment used to separate solid material in wastewater. With a non-blocking pump, it could remove solid and reduce COD, BOD and SS concentration in wastewater greatly. Meanwhile, the solid in wastewater could be separated, dried and concentrated. There are two series, SSS and BSS. They are used to treat the wastewater from papermaking, instrument, chemical, spinning and weaving. Also, they are suitable for treating waste from the pigs, cowsor chicken farms. The SSS solid-liquid separator. The SSS series includes SSS- 100, SSS-125 and SSS-150 type, strip distance being 0.3-l.5mm, and the specifications are: processing amount 10-40 ms/h, solid recovery rate 25-35% and water content in separated solid 78-85% with SSS-100 separator The BSS solid-liquid separator. The major specifications of BSS-l30 are: processing amount 13-20m3/h, water content of solid 70-80% and solid recovery rate 25-35% |
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Product Name |
A Wastewater Treatment System for Pig Farms |
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Product Type |
Biomass Energy |
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Manufacture |
Guangzhou institute of Energy Conversion |
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Description |
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The solid-liquid separating pretreatment, high rate anaerobic digestion and aftertreatment are adopted in the system designed by Guangzhou institute of Energy Conversion. The system is capable of treating manure from 10,000-100,000 pigs. For example, Wanfeng Pig Farm (the biggest in Asia) turns out over 100,000 heads each year, with sludge 1,400 m3/d and COD concentration over 20,000 mg/L. After treating the sludge. COD and BOD concentration in effluent are 130.7 and 11.33 mg/L respectively, the COD remove rate is 99.4%, thus it conforms to the standard set by the local environmental protection bureau for wastewater draining. Treated water recycles and is used to washing Pig sties. Average biogas production rate is 1,400 m3/d, and the biogas is supplied to households and canteen as energy. The digested residues is recovered for comprehensive use. The system has produced substantial economic and ecologic benefits, and usually the investment could be recovered in 2-3 years. |
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Product Name |
A High Rate Anaerobic System and Its Complemental Equipment |
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Product Type |
Biomass Energy |
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Manufacture |
Shanghai industrial Microbiology institute, Shanghai |
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Description |
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The anaerobic digestion system, developed by Shanghai industrial Microbiology institute, Shanghai Xinghuo Farm and Shanghai Urban & Rural Construction Design institute, includes pretreating equipment, a high rate digester and the equipment for biogas purifying and comprehensive use of sludge. Operation parameters of the system are: ambient digestion, gas production rate by manure 0.8 m3/m3.d, and 3-4 m3/m3.d by industrial organic waste, COD remove rate over 90%. The system is suitable for treating the manure of livestock and high concentration organic wastewater. An anaerobic digester (at Shanghai Xinghuo Farm) for treating cow and chicken manure, producing biogas to supply over 3,000 families and utilizing digested slurry and residues comprehensively. Shanghai Xinghuo Biogas Station at which 150 t cow manure is treated every day without sub-contamination |
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Product Name |
The Thermophilic Anaerobic Disposal Technology For the Layer Farm |
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Product Type |
Biomass Energy |
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Manufacture |
Beijing Energy Development Company |
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Description |
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The equipment, designed by Shanghai Soil& Fertilizer Research institute and Beijing Energy Development Company, is a high rate heat-retaining plug digester which is used for anaerobic treatment of chicken manure. Its advantages are: thoroughly and fast disposing livestock waste, producing biogas as energy, with digested residues as fertilizer, small size digester and low engineering investment. The major operation parameters are: thermophilic digestion, HRT 5 days, biogas production rate 3-4 m3/m3.d. biogas production 180,000 m3 and digested residues fertilizer 728 t by the system each year. Good economic and ecological benefits could be gained. The system could be used to treat manure of pigs, chicken and cows. |
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Product Name |
100-2500M3 Biogas System |
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Product Type |
Biomass Energy |
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Manufacture |
Hangzhou office of Rural Energy and Environmental Engineering Design Institute |
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Description |
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The system is researched by the Hangzhou office of Rural Energy and Environmental Engineering Design Institute, and could be used to dispose the wastewater and living sludge from farms, breweries, pharmaceutical factories, bean products mills, printing and dyeing mills, etc. The recovery period of investment is 2-4 years for treating industrial organic wastewater and 5-6 years for livestock farm. A 750m3 biogas project (at Hongzhou Layer Farm) for treating waste produced by 200 thousand layers and producing biogas 800m3/d used to heat incubators, chick rooms and canteens The 500 m3 digester for treating waste produced by 8,000 pigs at Fushan Farm and producing biogas 500m3/ d A 1,000m3 biogas digester (at Dcngta Growing Farm )used to treat manure water produced by 10,000 pigs and 40,000 layers and produce biogas l,200m3/d to supply for 400 farmer households and 11 public canteens. |
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Product Name |
100-2500M3 Biogas System |
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Product Type |
Biomass Energy |
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Manufacture |
Hangzhou office of Rural Energy and Environmental Engineering Design Institute |
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Description |
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The system is researched by the Hangzhou office of Rural Energy and Environmental Engineering Design Institute, and could be used to dispose the wastewater and living sludge from farms, breweries, pharmaceutical factories, bean products mills, printing and dyeing mills, etc. The recovery period of investment is 2-4 years for treating industrial organic wastewater and 5-6 years for livestock farm. A 750m3 biogas project (at Hongzhou Layer Farm) for treating waste produced by 200 thousand layers and producing biogas 800m3/d used to heat incubators, chick rooms and canteens The 500 m3 digester for treating waste produced by 8,000 pigs at Fushan Farm and producing biogas 500m3/ d A 1,000m3 biogas digester (at Dcngta Growing Farm )used to treat manure water produced by 10,000 pigs and 40,000 layers and produce biogas l,200m3/d to supply for 400 farmer households and 11 public canteens. |
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Product Name |
A Biogas Plant at Wuliangye Brewery(Yibing City) |
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Product Type |
Biomass Energy |
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Manufacture |
ASIA-PACIFIC REGIONAL BIOGAS RESEARCH AND TRAINING CENTRE - BRTC |
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Description |
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The system was developed and designed by China Chengdu Biogas Research & Training Center for Asia and the Pacific (BRTC). The A-O technique is utilized in the system. The UASB reactor is used in anaerobic processing, and the combination of active sludge and oxidation pond is used in aerobic processing .Oxygen is supplied by jet aeration to aerobic disposal. The volume of anaerobic digester is 2*400m3 , and 500-800t of distillery wastewater is treated each day. The system is used to treat wastewater and produce biogas and could be used in the southern areas of China. |
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4. Economic feasibility Analysis of Municipal Waste Power Generation
a) Environmental impact assessment for gasification gas-supply system
Using biogasification centralized gas-supply technologies, it is possible to set up a full set of energy system based on rich agricultural and forestry stalks resources, and to transform the old energy production and consumption mode. It will reduce centralized emissions from burning plenty of crop stalks in harvest season, which cause atmospheric pollution. And it will replace commercial energy so as also to alleviate atmospheric pollution of fossil fuel consumption. If counted by a substitution of 0.17 kgce per m3 gas, it will substitute 372 kgce for per household with annual gas consumption of 2,190 m3. Thus, for 200 household gas users, it will reduce coal consumption of about 75 TCE per year. If counted by a substitution of 0.7 t coal per ton crop stalks, it will reduce emissions of CO2, SO2 and smoke dust by 14,000 t, 140 t and 100 t, respectively.
In addition, using the gasification technologies, it will bring obvious changes for the environment and the appearance of the rural village, and be beneficial for cooking, alleviating women s labor and saving time.
b) Economic feasibility
One of the principal benefits of using biomass for producing gas is its benign effect on the environment. These benefits derive from the sustainable collection of biomass and the production of gas in modern, high-efficiency and clean.
Today's biomass systems run on fuels collected from residues of the forestry, forest products, and agricultural industries. In agricultural areas, for example, biomass biogas systems have proven their ability to reduce serious air pollution problems from in-field burning of crop residues such as rice straw.
Furthermore, gasification station can provide a market for sustainable forestry practices such as forest thinning. And in the future, energy crops grown for use in this systems may provide erosion protection to sensitive land and protect riparian areas.
Use of biomass gasification substantially reduces air pollution compared to conventional fossil-fuel systems. When biomass fuels are used in advanced gasification, emissions are very low. And when biomass is harvested in a sustainable manner, the net release of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide into the atmosphere is very small.
As a result of these environmental benefits, consumers may consider biomass as part of a green power portfolio.
Overview of Environmental Benefits outlining sustainable land use and improved air quality.
Potential Benefits of Energy Crops include improved habitat for wildlife and reduced use of fertilizers and insecticides compared with lands used for row crops, protection of riparian areas, and erosion protection for sensitive land areas.
Reduced Emissions from gasification station running on biomass fuels take place because the chemical make-up of biomass compared with fossil fuels.
Reduction of Greenhouse Gases from biomass power takes place because the carbon dioxide released during combustion is absorbed by the plants as they grow.
Green Power Programs are gaining as consumers recognize the benefits of renewable electricity produced from biomass.
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5. Future Utilization and Proposals for Countermeasures
China has abundant and cheap biomass energy resources. The present economy and research capacities make it possible to develop biomass energy utilization techniques. The government is very supportive. The institutes and producers are committed to upgrading their existing techniques so as to improve the product quality. Against this favorable background, no time shall be lost in developing a set of application and management system that is based on market demand in order to guide the pace for the technology commercialization. Following proposals are made to achieve that:
Relevant departments are suggested to render preferential policies and financial support in biomass energy research and utilization.
The long-term plan shall be formulated for biomass energy development. It shall be contributing to application of new technologies or techniques to rationally use biomass reserves. New ways shall be sought to use bioenergy to fill in the resource shortfall and avoid pollution.
The commercialization of technologies shall be highlighted. The technical standard must be released. Efforts must be strengthened on technical supervision, market administration and marketing behavior so as to form a facilitating market for the extension and scale production of technologies.
Attention must be paid to use of biomass in industry and the conversion of urban wastes of biological origin. Ways shall be tried and technologies developed to turn the biomass into other types of energy. More biomass shall be utilized, its status raised in the energy kingdom and its influence enlarged. A virtuous recycling model shall be in place to create conditions for its expanded use and enable it to play its role.
Work shall be done to apply technologies in industry and agriculture. The key technical barriers when trying the technologies shall be removed with devoted efforts. The technologies shall be practical, profitable and reliable to ensure the widespread use of biomass energy and contribute to industrial and agricultural production.
Efforts shall continue on intensive research. The focus shall be given to the major headaches such as how to dispose the tar, avoid pollution and improve efficiency. On the other hand, new scopes might be opened, such as the research on bio-fuel used in drying, power and heating.
As it is renewable, easily accessible and cheap, biomass energy will be an integral part of the energy in the future. It can be released by technologies from stalks, wastes and forest or farming residues, which will contribute to the rural development, western development, environment protection and ecological balance in the long run. With the commitment and support from the government and all walk of life in the society, the biomass energy will be successfully and effectively used.
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6. List of developers and manufactures on biomass utilization
Energy Research Institute of Shandong Academy of Science, Shandong.Yongcheng Environment Protection and Energy Ltd. Co.
Add: No. 108, Ziyan Street, Mianzhou City, Sichuan Province
Postal code: 618200
Registered legal representative: Wang Yongzhi
Tel: +86-0838-6003480
Anyang Green Energy Ltd. Co.
Add: Changpo Village, Wulong Town, Linzhou City of Henan
Province
Postal code: 456576
Registered legal representative: Wang Jinming
Tel: +86-372-6991149
Weiyou Gas-fueled Equipment Ltd. Co., Hefei
Add: No. 72 Donglongquan Xilu, Hefei City, Anhui Province
Postal code: 231601
Registered legal representative: Zhu Weilin
Tel: +86-551-7711288
Center for Biological Energy Technology Development, Shandong
University
Add: No. 73, Jingshi Road, Jinan Shandong Province
Postal code: 250061
Registered legal representative: Dong Yuping
Tel: +86-0531-2955081-2199
Huifeng Machinery Group, Shandong
Add: No. 141, Mingshui Dajie, Zhangqiu City, Shandong
Province
Postal code: 250200
Registered legal representative: Fang Rungang
Tel: +86-531-3311375
Huangshan Coal Gas Facility Manufacture, Hefei
Add: No. 438, Xishan Yizhen, Feidong County, Anhui Province
Postal code: 231665
Registered legal representative: Sun Hongzhou
Tel: +86-551-7651227
Center for Rural Energy and Environment Protection Technology
Development, Jiangxi Province
Add: Department of Agriculture, Nanchang Municipal
Government, Jiangxi Province
Postal code: 330046
Registered legal representative: Xu Xinming
Tel: +86-791-6297092
Tianyan Green Energy Development Ltd. Co., Hefei City
Add: Zhongduan, Silihe Lu, Hefei City, Anhui Province
Postal code: 230041
Registered legal representative: Liu Yong
Tel: +86-551-5146116
Blue Sky Environmental Protection Engineering Ltd. Co.,
Yanzhou City
Add: Huangtun Town, Yanzhou City, Shandong Province
Postal code: 272100
Registered legal representative: Cui Jinsheng
Tel: +86-537-3713686
Beifang Machine Manufacture,
Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Science
Add: No. 1, Beishatan, Deshengmenwai, Beijing
Postal code: 100083
Registered legal representative: Shi Lei
Contact person: Gao Xiansheng
Tel: +86-10-64878037
Heat Energy Research Institute, Zhejiang University
Add: No. 38, Zheda Lu, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province
Postal code: 310027
Registered legal representative: Chen Kefa
Tel: +86-571-7951335
Biogas Research Institute, the Ministry of Agriculture
Add: No. 13, Renmin Nanlu Siduan, Chengdu City, Sichuan
Province
Postal code: 610041
Registered legal representative: Liu Ying
Tel: +86-285223756
E-MAIL: brtcl@mail.sc.cninfo.net
Wanfa Stove Center, Beijing
Add: Huahugou, Qinghe Na, Deshengmen, Beijing
Postal code: 100085
Registered legal representative: Qing Zhiquan
Tel: +86-10-62936626
Center for Energy and Environment Protection, Ministry of
Agriculture
Add: Maizidian street, chaoyang district.Beijing
Postal code: 100026
Email yaoxj@netchina.con.cn
Light Industry Environmental Protection Research Institute
Add: No. 27, Xisanhuan Beilu, Beijing
Postal code: 100089
Contact person: Shen Zhenhuan
Tel: +86-10-68430196
Sichuan Research and Design Institute of Agricultural
Machinery
Add: No.5 Niusha Road,4th Eastern Section,Erhuan Road 610066
Registered legal representative: Liu Hening
Tel:+86-28-4538347
Fax:+86-28-4514124
E-mail:scsnjy@mail.sc.cninfo.net
Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion
Chinese
Academy of Sciences
Add:No.81，Xianli
zhonglu,Guangzhou City,Guangdong Privince
Postal code:510070
Contact person:Wu Chuangzhi
Tel:+86-20-87787136
Fax:+86-20-87608586
Hangzhou Design Institute of Energy
Environmental Engineering
Add:8F,89North Qiutao road,Hangzhou.china PC.310020
Tel: +86-571-86093262
E-mail:hdieee@mail.hz.zj.cn
Guojiao Energy and Environment Protection Engineering Ltd. Co
Add: No. 61, Yi Duan Lu, Yi Huan Lu Xi, Qingyang District,
Chengdu City, Sicuan Province
Postal code:610071
Contact person: Zhong
Yang
Tel:+86-28-7055168
Beijing Xinsheng Machinery Factory
Add:No.303 Nan Guan Huairou County,Beijing China
Registered legal representative: Shen Yongliang
Contact person :Bao Xianshan
Tel: +86-10-60694389
Montgomery Watson Harza, BODA
Add: 5th floor, Zhonglu Tower, No. 88, Andingmen Wai Dajie Nei, Beijing
Postal code:100011
Tel:+86-10-64280011
Fax:+86-10-64285537
Web: http://www.mwhglobal.com
E-mail: mwh-boda@mwhglobal.com
Dalian Academy for Environmental Science Research and Design
Add:No.5 Lianshan Street Shahekou district,Dalian City
Postal code:116023
Contact person :Nan Fang
Tel:+86-411-4687986
Fax: +86-411-4663052
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